WALL TOWNSHIP, NJ – This month we’re spotlighting our first (of many) leading female features, the trailblazing Dr. Shirley Ann Jackson! Featured in the National Women’s Hall of Fame, she’s been an ideal role model for women in science and academia worldwide for decades. Like previously featured Luminaries, Dr. Jackson’s innovations in physics caused ripple effects in multiple industries, including telecom. After learning more about Dr. Jackson in today’s feature I’m sure you will want to sing the praises of this amazing woman!

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Dr. Jackson was born and raised in Washington DC, an especially important location later in her career. During her high school years in the 1960s, she was especially perceived as an outlier, being a young woman so intensely excelling that the principal for the boys at her high school mentored her to pursue the sciences. Having graduated as her high school’s Valedictorian, she made history as being among the first African Americans to attend Massachusetts Institute of Technology, one of the most elite science and engineering universities worldwide and a hub of modern technology. Dr. Jackson exemplifies this by being the first Black female to receive a doctorate in theoretical solid-state physics from MIT in 1973.

The new PhD. research landed her a position as a visiting science associate at the European Organization for Nuclear Research in Switzerland. Her work on subatomic particles there served as a springboard back home to DC, where she studied theoretical physics at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. She managed this while also being elected to MIT Corporation’s Board of Trustees only 3 years after graduating! Fast forward a bit and now your ears may perk, as her contributions to telecom industry began soon after taking a position at the iconic Bell Labs, which drew the best and brightest researchers from everywhere. Here, Dr. Jackson began conducting experiments focusing on the electronic properties of ceramic materials in hopes that they could act as superconductors of electric currents.

Her breakthroughs in physics are involved with much of what we now know in telecommunications and were instrumental in paving the way towards advancements in multiple technologies we continue to use today:  the portable fax, touch-tone telephone, solar cells, fiber optic cables, and technology behind caller ID and call waiting to name a few. Dr. Jackson had quite memorable a time at Bell Laboratories, where she met her future husband, fellow physicist Dr. Morris A. Washington. While working at Bell Labs and becoming a widely trusted expert in her field, she then took the honorable mantle of educator as she was appointed professor of physics at Rutgers University. She became a mentor and set an example for women in sciences by sharing her experiences with young minds from all over the world.

Proving this further, Dr. Jackson went on to accumulate accolades galore, taking many positions in her illustrious career:

• President of The Society of Black Physicists
• Member of the New Jersey Commission on Science and Technology
• President Clinton named her Chair of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission.
• Inductee of National Women’s Hall of Fame

Dr. Jackson led the formation of the International Nuclear Regulators Association. In addition to these titles and accolades, she became the eighteenth president of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. Here Dr. Jackson remains a beacon for women and minorities in the sciences. She has been using her status by bringing much-needed attention to the ongoing “Quiet Crisis” of America’s predicted inability to innovate in the face of a looming scientific workforce shortage. As an especially important representative being an empowered and impassioned woman in science at the top of her field, Dr. Jackson has voiced her goal for Rensselaer: “To achieve prominence in the 21st century as a top-tier world-class technological research university, with global reach and global impact.”

And of course, there is much more to Dr. Jackson’s story that we may tell in the future, but this concludes this month’s feature in the “Luminaries in Telecom” series. Please feel free to add to the conversation! Had you heard of Dr. Shirley Ann Jackson before? What did you take away from her pursuits? Sound off in the comments below with any fun facts/specifics that may have been missed! Any suggestions for a person in Telecom history you think deserves a feature send a message to [email protected]. We at NJFX hope you’ve gleaned a bit of inspiration to take with you through the rest of your week!

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WALL TOWNSHIP, NJ – Welcome back to NJFX’s Luminaries in Telecom! This month we’re shining a spotlight onto the Nobel Prize-deserving Dr. Narinder Singh Kapany. A man of many accolades, Dr. Kapany was a trailblazing technologist, passionate academic, astute entrepreneur, art aficionado (especially of his Sikh heritage) and an ardent philanthropist. Fortune magazine got it right naming him one the ‘Unsung Heroes of the 20th century’. He not only created fiber optics but used his invention to found multiple successful enterprises that thrive to this day. Dr. Kapany was the first to transmit images through fiber optics in 1954, laying the foundations for high-speed internet technology. Dr. Kapany is colloquially known as the Father of Fiber Optics.

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As a proud Sikh, born in Moga, India, an especially curious academic from an early age, Dr. Kapany (1926-2020) proclaimed his passions have humble beginnings: “It started when my father gifted me a small camera, I became so curious tinkering around with its inner workings!” This small spark of childhood curiosity luckily led him into the pursuit of learning how our world works through science. While Dr. Kapany was at a lecture in college, his professor was teaching about the nature of light, “Light’s path needed to travel in a direct and linear pathway for maximum efficiency.” Upon hearing this, Dr. Kapany’s gears turned…this simply wasn’t true he proclaimed! Dr. Kapany made it his life’s mission to prove what he knew to be true: Not only could light be maneuvered but light can also be used to communicate! His discoveries about the nature of light served as the basis of fiber optics that we use to this day!

Dr. Kapany swiftly finished his studies in India and, upon entering graduate school at the Imperial College of London in 1952, he realized that he wasn’t alone in his pursuit for the truth behind the nature of light. Decades-long experiments about transmitting light through thin glass filaments were being conducted by researchers across Europe. Unfortunately, post-WWII materials shortages had stalled progress. During this time, Kapany enthusiastically persuaded a would-be mentor, Professor Harold Hopkins, to take him on as a research assistant, leading to a strong bond. Hopkins, a fortified theorist, provided the conceptualizations. Dr. Kapany, who was more technically minded and pragmatic, put words to action. In just two years’ time, the pair announced their discovery in Nature, a leading scientific journal, displaying for the world to see the first fiber optics!

In the following years after the innovation was recognized by the world, in 1960 he penned a cover article for Scientific American. Kapany detailed his findings — literally “writing the book” — on his invention naming the thin strands of glass we all know (and love), Fiber Optics: Principles and Applications. Dr. Kapany seemingly always accelerated the field at the speed of light (pun intended) and became an enterprising entrepreneur touting his invention’s many applications. That same year, he founded Optics Technology serving as Chairman, President, and Research Director for 12 years. Seven years later, the company went public, leading to numerous global partnerships and Dr. Kapany joining the boards of various companies. Never one to rest of his laurels, he was the lead author or co-author publishing 56 papers. His intellectual prowess led to his contribution of an unprecedented 30% of all research in the field at the time!

The media took to calling Dr. Kapany The Father of Fiber Optics, and The Man Who Bent Light. Some publications even reported he had been swindled out of the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize in Physics, which instead went to a colleague and somewhat of a would-be rival, Sir Charles Kao, for his own innovations in fiber optics. Dr. Kapany should be especially remembered for propagating fiber optics into government/corporate research budgets. The sum of Dr. Kapany’s work incapsulates not just fiber optic communications, but a long list of advances in technology such as medical instruments, pollutant research, various types of lasers, biomedical instrumentation, and renewable energy to name a few. Dr. Kapany’s never-ending drive ensured that the world-changing breakthroughs that he and his mentor Hopkins deciphered all those decades ago continued to blossom.

Although he may have been denied his Nobel Prize, in a roundabout way, I’m sure Sir Kao embracing Kapany’s invention so wholly, elated Kapany in somewhat of a paternal sense. Dr. Kapany sadly passed in 2020 at the age of 94, having witnessed how the world embraced his work and leaving behind a deep technological legacy. The article you are reading now is possible through the technology Dr. Kapany developed.  Regardless, Dr. Kapany was and always will, be widely beloved by the scientific community having received numerous awards throughout his lifetime. To his name, he had over one hundred patents and was a representative of the National Inventors Council. Throughout his life, Kapany accentuated his Sikh upbringing by founding the Sikh Foundation. He donated his collection of Sikh art to museums, including the San Francisco Asian Art Museum and Montreal’s Fine Arts Museum.

And of course, there is much more to Dr. Kapany’s story, we may return to the story of “The Man Who Bent Light” in the future but for now this concludes this month’s feature in the “Luminaries in Telecom” series. Please feel free to add to the conversation! Had you heard of Dr. Narinder Singh Kapany before? What did you take away from his boundless energy? Sound off in the comments below with any fun facts/specifics that may have been missed! Any suggestions for a person in Telecom history you think deserves a feature send a message to [email protected]. As symbolic tuition to this Luminary, I hope some may plan to visit this exhibit and gaze upon these same works that he found so captivating, possibly taking with you a bit of inspiration!

WALL TOWNSHIP, NJ – The year is 1850, the dream of instantaneous communication is on the horizon, a cable stretching across the Atlantic. It’s been said this achievement is comparable to the landing of man on the moon. Leading the charge on this ineffable voyage, an ambitious young entrepreneur by the name of Cyrus West Field. 

Field’s quiet life as a semi-retired papermaker was upended upon meeting with an engineer by the name of Frederick Gisborne, who at first aimed to convince Field to help in establishing a telegraph connection between St. John’s, Newfoundland, and New York City. Field saw the potential of Gisborne’s initial mission and expanded upon it tenfold. Field spent over a decade traversing the Atlantic over 30 times, recruiting backers from both sides of the sea. Those investors in what became the Atlantic Telegraph Company supported what would later become one of the greatest engineering feats of the 19th century, The Transatlantic Cable. This project, however, was not without struggle.

After commissioning other like minds, (names that will likely be featured in time) among them the most notable, the originator of the telegraph himself Samuel Morse. Field cobbled together the “Cable Cabinet,” a burgeoning gathering of entrepreneurs, investors, and engineers. Through this newly formed faction, Field soon became key in the laying of Gibson’s initial conception, a 400-mile telegraph line connecting St. John’s, Newfoundland to Nova Scotia, integrating with telegraph lines from the U.S. After this initial undertaking was completed, Field set his sights on completing his masterwork, convincing the Cable Cabinet to extend the line from Newfoundland to Ireland. Field promised investors the cable would be completed by the end of 1857. Unfortunately for Field and Co. and company, this wasn’t a promise easily kept the foundations of laying the Transatlantic Cable proved to be troubled as repeated setbacks pushed the project back years. 

The initial plan was to load half of the cable onto each of two ships, Agamemnon, and USS Niagara, joining the two lengths of cable together at sea. The cable broke not but 24 hours late of leaving Ireland. There was not enough cable left to try again so the project was pushed back a year to allow for planning and creation of new line. Another attempt appeared successful as Queen Victoria successfully sent a telegram in 1858 of congratulations to President Buchanan through the newly installed line. It took about 18 hours for this “text” to fully sent through the line and as fate would have it a few weeks later the signal gave out. It was found later that the electrical engineer of the team had miscalculated the proper voltage necessary which led to the structural melt down. Additional attempts to connect Europe with the Americas had faced struggles with more broken lines which were spliced and broken time and time again…

Now years into the project, the American Civil War started, and throughout Field remained as determined as ever. He even played an important part in the war efforts as his activities brought him into contact with several prominent persons on both sides of the conflict. First being conceptualized in 1853, after trudging through a Civil War, financial and communication challenges, cumulatively five arduous and expensive attempts in all, the project ultimately reached completion in 1866. 

Field already had gained some notoriety, but the completion made him an international celebrity for “linking the world.” Field’s quest is thankfully a triumph for us all, if not for his resolve through all the years of trials and tribulations. Speculatively speaking, we may not have seen a similar cable laying project completed for years possibly decades following, especially considering the rippling impacts of the American Civil War. Field is unfortunately not as much a household name these days as Samuel Morse or Alexander Graham Bell, but he is still remembered throughout history having received a gold medal from the U.S. Congress and the grand prize at the International Exposition in Paris for his work on the transatlantic cable. 

Of course, there is much more to the story, and we may return to the story of the First Transatlantic Cable in the future but for now this concludes our first feature in the “Luminaries in Telecom” series. Please feel free to add to the conversation! Had you heard of Cyrus W. Field before? What did you take away from his resolve? Sound off in the comments below with any fun facts/specifics that may have been missed! Any suggestions for a person in Telecom history you think deserves a feature send a message to [email protected].

 July 11, 2022